*AI, Psychology, and Expertise Critiques* # Psychology Behind Negative Perceptions of AI-Generated Content ## 1. Unease with Artificial Imitation The proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) into various aspects of our lives has led to a significant increase in AI-generated content. From news articles and social media posts to creative works like art and music, and even within the realm of scientific research, AI is demonstrating a growing capacity to produce outputs that were once considered the exclusive domain of human intellect and creativity. This surge in AI-generated content has, however, been met with a complex mix of reactions from the public and professionals alike. While some embrace the potential benefits of AI, a significant portion of society expresses negative perceptions, skepticism, and even outright resistance towards content created by these artificial systems. This unease is a multifaceted phenomenon, rooted in a variety of psychological factors that warrant careful examination. Understanding these underlying reasons is crucial for navigating the evolving relationship between humans and AI and for fostering a more informed and balanced perspective on the role of AI in content creation. This report aims to explore the key psychological factors contributing to this negative perception, delving into the intricacies of artificial mimicry, the influence of imposter syndrome, the role of the Dunning-Kruger effect, the impact of self-interest, and the biases that shape our trust in different sources of information. ## 2. Psychology of Artificial Mimicry Mimicry is a fundamental aspect of human psychology, playing a crucial role in social bonding, communication, and learning.1 Humans often unconsciously imitate the behaviors, expressions, and even language patterns of those around them to build rapport and foster connection. However, the human response to artificial mimicry, particularly when it comes to the imitation of human abilities or creations by AI, is more nuanced. While successful mimicry can sometimes be perceived positively, evoking feelings of flattery or admiration, it can also elicit negative reactions, particularly when the imitation is imperfect or unsettling.5 One key phenomenon that explains this negative response is the “uncanny valley”. Coined by Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori, the uncanny valley effect describes the unsettling or eerie feeling that people experience when they encounter an entity, such as a robot or an AI-generated representation, that looks and behaves almost, but not quite, like a human. As AI-generated content becomes more human-like in its resemblance to human work, it can approach this uncanny valley, triggering discomfort, unease, and even revulsion in viewers or readers. This adverse reaction often stems from subtle imperfections in the mimicry, such as lifeless eyes, synthetic voices, or slightly unnatural language patterns, which can heighten the perception of the AI as being “other” or not truly human. The medium through which AI mimics human abilities can also influence human responses. For instance, while AI-generated voices are becoming increasingly indistinguishable from human voices, research suggests that our brains still respond differently to them, with human voices eliciting stronger responses in areas associated with memory and empathy. Similarly, in the realm of text, subtle inconsistencies in style, tone, or the depth of understanding can lead to a perception of inauthenticity in AI-generated content.1 The success and acceptance of artificial mimicry often hinge on the degree to which AI can convincingly replicate human nuances without falling into the unsettling territory of the uncanny valley. ## 3. Imposter Syndrome and the Critique of AI Imposter syndrome is a pervasive psychological phenomenon characterized by persistent self-doubt regarding one’s abilities and accomplishments, often leading individuals to fear being exposed as a fraud despite objective evidence of their competence. This psychological pattern is particularly prevalent in competitive and rapidly evolving fields like technology. The introduction of AI tools into such domains can evoke complex psychological responses, potentially linking imposter syndrome to a critical attitude towards AI-generated content. Professionals who feel insecure about their own expertise or fear being replaced by AI might be more inclined to critically evaluate AI-generated content. The introduction of AI tools can evoke feelings of inadequacy, leading to a defensive stance against AI’s perceived encroachment on their professional territory. This criticism might serve as a way to reaffirm their own value and expertise in a rapidly changing landscape. The fear of AI potentially surpassing human capabilities in their domain can trigger anxiety, leading to negative attitudes towards AI as a coping mechanism. ## 5. Dunning-Kruger Effect and AI Evaluation The Dunning-Kruger effect is a cognitive bias where individuals with low competence in a particular domain tend to overestimate their abilities, while those with high competence often underestimate theirs. This bias can significantly influence how individuals perceive and evaluate AI-generated content, especially in complex domains where a thorough understanding requires considerable expertise. Individuals with limited expertise in AI might overestimate their understanding of its capabilities and limitations, leading them to offer confident yet potentially ill-informed critiques of AI-generated content. This lack of understanding can lead to a focus on superficial flaws or limitations without a broader appreciation for the underlying technology or its potential.13 Conversely, highly competent individuals, including AI experts, might underestimate the public’s perception or the challenges in communicating the nuances of AI, potentially leading to a disconnect between expert optimism and public skepticism.13 The Dunning-Kruger effect might also contribute to the “AI trust paradox,” where those with a moderate level of AI knowledge exhibit greater trust compared to those with very little or very advanced understanding.13 Individuals with a general understanding might see AI’s benefits without fully grasping its risks, making them more trusting than those with deep expertise who recognize the full scope of AI’s power, including ethical dilemmas and unintended consequences.13 ## 6. Expert vs. Novice: Evaluating AI-Assisted Research The perception and evaluation of AI-assisted research often differ significantly between experts and novices in a particular field. Experts in fields like quantum mechanics might approach AI-assisted research with a more critical eye, focusing on methodological rigor, potential biases in AI algorithms, and the interpretability of AI-generated findings.14 They may be more attuned to the limitations of current AI in handling the complexities and nuances of their domain.14 In contrast, individuals with less knowledge might be more easily impressed by the novelty or apparent sophistication of AI-driven results, potentially overlooking critical flaws or limitations.18 Interestingly, studies have shown instances where AI can outperform human experts in specific research tasks. For example, AI models have been found to predict the results of neuroscience studies more accurately than human experts, even those with high levels of self-reported expertise.26 This finding suggests that in certain data-intensive or pattern-recognition tasks, AI might indeed possess a “superhuman accuracy”.26 However, experts might still harbor skepticism due to the “black box” nature of some AI algorithms, where the reasoning behind the results is not always transparent.14 The framing of AI as a collaborative tool that augments human expertise, rather than a replacement, might be crucial in fostering greater acceptance and positive evaluation of AI-assisted research among experts.26 ## 7. Self-Interest and the Critique of Disruptive AI Individuals in professions that could be significantly disrupted by AI, such as consulting and law, might exhibit a critical stance towards AI-generated content due to self-interest. The fear of job displacement is a significant motivator, as AI’s increasing capabilities in data analysis, report generation, and even strategic recommendations could potentially reduce the need for human consultants and lawyers. This apprehension is often coupled with concerns about the devaluation of human expertise, built over years of experience and client relationships, by AI systems that might lack the nuanced understanding and contextual awareness that human professionals possess. The “black box” nature of many AI algorithms, where the decision-making process is opaque, can also be viewed as a threat by professionals who value understanding and control over their work. Consultants and lawyers often rely on their ability to articulate their reasoning and justify their recommendations, which might be challenging with AI systems whose processes are not fully transparent.19 However, it is important to note that while some executives express skepticism towards AI in high-level decisions, others are more willing to rely on it, indicating a spectrum of responses within these professions.31 The trend of consulting firms acquiring AI companies suggests a move towards integrating AI as a tool rather than a complete replacement, potentially mitigating some of the fears of job displacement.32 ## 8. Trust in the Age of AI: Human Experts vs. AI Systems Trust is a critical factor in the adoption and acceptance of any new technology, including AI. Psychological biases significantly influence whom and what we trust, often leading to a preference for human experts over AI systems, at least initially. This preference often stems from familiarity, social cues, and the perception of human empathy and understanding.13 While initial trust levels in AI and human experts might be comparable, trust in AI can be more easily compromised following errors or perceived inauthenticity.13 The perceived “humanness” of AI communication plays a significant role in shaping trust. AI systems that mimic human-like attributes, such as emotional responses or personalized interactions, might initially foster trust. However, if this mimicry falls short or feels inauthentic, it can lead to a decrease in trust. Transparency about how AI systems work and their limitations can influence trust, although research suggests that explainable AI does not always lead to greater user acceptance.25 Interestingly, trust in AI might follow a U-shaped curve in relation to knowledge, with those having moderate knowledge exhibiting the highest levels of trust.13 ## 9. Perceived Threat, Control, and the Definition of Expertise Skepticism towards AI in expert domains is often intertwined with the perceived threat to professional identity and the desire to maintain control over work processes. The increasing capabilities of AI in areas previously requiring human expertise can be perceived as a threat to professional identity, leading to resistance towards AI adoption. Professionals might fear a loss of autonomy and control over their work if AI systems are implemented to automate decision-making processes. This resistance can be particularly strong among those with long-standing expertise, who might perceive AI as undermining their value and making their skills obsolete. The definition of expertise itself might be evolving in the age of AI.47 Expertise might increasingly include the ability to effectively collaborate with and leverage AI tools, which could be a source of anxiety for those who are not comfortable with new technologies.47 Some professionals might view AI as a threat to the traditional understanding of expertise, leading to skepticism about its capabilities and the reliability of its outputs.47 The perceived burden of using AI tools in fields like healthcare can also contribute to resistance, especially if clinicians feel they might become “liability sinks” for AI-influenced decisions.49 ## 10. Navigating the Psychological Landscape of AI Perception The negative perception of AI-generated content is a complex issue rooted in a confluence of psychological factors. The imperfect mimicry of human abilities by AI can trigger the uncanny valley effect, leading to feelings of unease and distrust. For individuals grappling with imposter syndrome, the rise of AI can exacerbate insecurities, prompting critical views as a defense mechanism. The tendency for less knowledgeable individuals to overestimate their understanding, as described by the Dunning-Kruger effect, might contribute to confidently held but potentially unfounded criticisms of AI. Self-interest also plays a role, particularly in professions facing potential disruption from AI, leading to skepticism driven by concerns about job displacement and the devaluation of expertise. Finally, biases in trust often favor human experts over AI systems, at least initially, due to factors like familiarity and perceived empathy. Addressing these negative perceptions requires a multifaceted approach. Education is crucial in fostering a better understanding of AI’s capabilities and limitations, helping to manage expectations and reduce unwarranted fears. Transparency regarding AI’s processes, training data, and potential biases can build trust and mitigate the feeling of a “black box.” Establishing clear ethical guidelines and accountability frameworks for AI development and deployment is essential to address concerns about misuse and unintended consequences. Ultimately, fostering a collaborative relationship between humans and AI, where AI is viewed as a tool to augment human intelligence rather than replace it, will be key to navigating the psychological landscape of AI perception and promoting its responsible and beneficial adoption across various domains. Further research into the evolving psychological dynamics of human-AI interaction is vital to ensure that we can harness the full potential of AI technologies while safeguarding human values and well-being. ## Works Cited 1. Mimicry of AI: Are We Imitating the Machines We Created..., accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-digital-self/202409/mimicry-of-ai-are-we-imitating-the-machines-we-created](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-digital-self/202409/mimicry-of-ai-are-we-imitating-the-machines-we-created%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922462012%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw23EIrXSPd8UDRNN6Ksbax8&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922520524&usg=AOvVaw3Vo9xHBMwiN7DU7A-X09iw) 2. Artificial intelligence chatbots mimic human collective behaviour, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39739553/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39739553/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922462580%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw2imeATTneN_ROr_Pmg-zu6&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922520718&usg=AOvVaw0oq5JPyfV7UoKArkyQQvBx) 3. Brain responds differently to AI vs. human speech - News-Medical, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240626/Brains-respond-differently-to-AI-vs-human-speech.aspx](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.news-medical.net/news/20240626/Brains-respond-differently-to-AI-vs-human-speech.aspx%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922463048%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw0Po0vlpf_yU2doEDBx3X1L&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922520843&usg=AOvVaw3Kd85L__PlpaRESScfiUnz) 4. When AI Thinks Like Humans: The Benefits and Challenges of Mimicking Human Reasoning | by Nabil Ebraheim | Medium, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://medium.com/@Dr_nabil_ebraheim/when-ai-thinks-like-humans-the-benefits-and-challenges-of-mimicking-human-reasoning-5beb664c2cdf](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://medium.com/@Dr_nabil_ebraheim/when-ai-thinks-like-humans-the-benefits-and-challenges-of-mimicking-human-reasoning-5beb664c2cdf%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922463748%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw3xyKYb0YSgDgiPuimEUspH&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922520920&usg=AOvVaw2IuvhjFWS-qRk1DRd9G63D) 5. Uncanny valley - Wikipedia, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922464252%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw3oULOoBKc9YvJE_HXW_38-&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922521006&usg=AOvVaw3-M3HSO1jG8e_w4YcZXm_c) 6. AI and the New Impostor Syndrome | Psychology Today, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-digital-self/202503/ai-and-the-new-impostor-syndrome](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-digital-self/202503/ai-and-the-new-impostor-syndrome%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922464816%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw3aas5hDcuMUjWXLY5HrP-o&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922521072&usg=AOvVaw2q6bR70NEbQ8GhNl5GGW18) 7. The Impostor Syndrome and AI: Navigating Between Discomfort and..., accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.before-partners.com/blog-posts/the-impostor-syndrome-and-ai-navigating-between-discomfort-and-empowerment](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.before-partners.com/blog-posts/the-impostor-syndrome-and-ai-navigating-between-discomfort-and-empowerment%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922465412%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw3TqidELWsIUIwGpU1HQx1I&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922521143&usg=AOvVaw1g-WLY566CBBrS3kz6XvqY) 8. All About Imposter Syndrome - New Year Improved You Cultivating a Healthy Mind and Body | University of Cincinnati, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://grad.uc.edu/student-life/news/all-about-imposter-syndrome.html](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://grad.uc.edu/student-life/news/all-about-imposter-syndrome.html%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922465877%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw0aU2jHsW0-_4KaEW1Qwjsj&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922521231&usg=AOvVaw0G-EluuFb2_9X70AvmiuNE) 9. Imposter Phenomenon - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585058/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585058/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922466232%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw0cSANbUK4kfMM2R6zxmtmC&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922521322&usg=AOvVaw0invV4arl7OZU3j2GhGUMn) 10. Is it Possible for an AI to ‘Fake it till it Makes It?’ | by Curiouser.AI..., accessed April 6, 2025, [https://medium.com/@curiouser.ai/is-it-possible-for-an-ai-to-fake-it-till-it-makes-it-2acfd6f75e7e](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://medium.com/@curiouser.ai/is-it-possible-for-an-ai-to-fake-it-till-it-makes-it-2acfd6f75e7e%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922466820%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw2d9DJ15cM9GtC8VAHOK42N&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922521414&usg=AOvVaw2qFHxQs8EL56dknZVGLpuO) 11. Fake It Till You Make It: What Every Translational Investigator Can..., accessed April 6, 2025, [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8807854/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8807854/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922467281%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw1L7qSxQ1EUtHM-WvRahYXT&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922521528&usg=AOvVaw3q9Rax5a1AeOOmxytz9CSL) 12. Seeing is no longer believing: Artificial Intelligence’s impact on photojournalism, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://jsk.stanford.edu/news/seeing-no-longer-believing-artificial-intelligences-impact-photojournalism](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://jsk.stanford.edu/news/seeing-no-longer-believing-artificial-intelligences-impact-photojournalism%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922467971%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw2kPzN0-K8LBQv_XBScobv7&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922521607&usg=AOvVaw0WS7YvJS-WL9Q5hWAFLMto) 13. How Much Do We Trust AI? New Study Reveals Insights | WEVENTURE - Blog, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://weventure.de/en/blog/ai-trust-study](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://weventure.de/en/blog/ai-trust-study%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922468453%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw1pN8-Nfu2V3C_yewJjpqLq&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922521679&usg=AOvVaw16QfELpMwllVQiRbclRJHP) 14. AI tackles one of the most difficult challenges in quantum chemistry..., accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/255673/ai-tackles-most-difficult-challenges-quantum/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/255673/ai-tackles-most-difficult-challenges-quantum/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922468881%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw2PAFLzd6agdkEEDqLAlLyZ&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922521761&usg=AOvVaw2sxRz7Tc2K68Xn_pBG5gjt) 15. Quantum and AI: A Marriage Made of Valid Expectations or Hype? - HPCwire, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.hpcwire.com/2025/02/10/quantum-and-ai-a-marriage-made-of-valid-expectations-or-hype/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.hpcwire.com/2025/02/10/quantum-and-ai-a-marriage-made-of-valid-expectations-or-hype/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922469419%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw0NMoy3jkXVc8AfbovMgrLn&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922521854&usg=AOvVaw1xml2uNrQjH7wP70ht42Eq) 16. With IBM, Microsoft, Google, and Amazon all working to bring quantum computing to their cloud computing platforms, the projected - PhilArchive, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://philarchive.org/archive/KARQOWv1](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://philarchive.org/archive/KARQOWv1%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922469889%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw0n_3nYdcFZwsGpI0RAHY3V&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922521944&usg=AOvVaw1fIH4UegfrFkQ1p1frSwIk) 17. Quantum Mechanics Meets Artificial Intelligence, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://quantum.columbia.edu/news/quantum-mechanics-meets-artificial-intelligence](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://quantum.columbia.edu/news/quantum-mechanics-meets-artificial-intelligence%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922470334%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw14ULwcKbFl1aTKIfU7Ere-&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922522037&usg=AOvVaw1zz56iX3V1ZT05Ecn4lrqs) 18. The Application of Artificial Intelligence in Quantum Mechanics: Challenges and Opportunities, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://journal.ypidathu.or.id/index.php/scientia/article/download/1583/1146/19746](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://journal.ypidathu.or.id/index.php/scientia/article/download/1583/1146/19746%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922470830%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw39wgXqzuTDRdz6K08sPmQE&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922522115&usg=AOvVaw1ogupKavX9rz9K1eF6yWOl) 19. Why Won’t AI Replace Quantum Experts? - Kluwer Arbitration Blog, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2023/11/02/why-wont-ai-replace-quantum-experts/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2023/11/02/why-wont-ai-replace-quantum-experts/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922471312%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw0t0YdssrmrDAEumDc4kaEr&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922522190&usg=AOvVaw1sgln7sBLwOSjJYMSsyeBH) 20. Quantum Computing and AI: Opportunities and Challenges - ProX PC, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.proxpc.com/blogs/quantum-computing-and-ai-opportunities-and-challenges](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.proxpc.com/blogs/quantum-computing-and-ai-opportunities-and-challenges%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922471724%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw3_LSoEriOl1XrgLeAitHyA&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922522265&usg=AOvVaw1Y2fSQdhRQb_OD5aKzYXUb) 21. Quantum computing and AI: less compatible than expected? - Polytechnique Insights, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.polytechnique-insights.com/en/columns/science/quantum-computing-and-ai-less-compatible-than-expected/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.polytechnique-insights.com/en/columns/science/quantum-computing-and-ai-less-compatible-than-expected/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922472195%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw3mE4TUtlySwT6jLtFrXVoQ&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922522343&usg=AOvVaw0voniFFiiUyvjRAfC9X4FA) 22. The Relationship Between AI and Quantum Computing | CSA - Cloud Security Alliance, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://cloudsecurityalliance.org/blog/2025/01/20/quantum-artificial-intelligence-exploring-the-relationship-between-ai-and-quantum-computing](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://cloudsecurityalliance.org/blog/2025/01/20/quantum-artificial-intelligence-exploring-the-relationship-between-ai-and-quantum-computing%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922472731%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw25D6QoK0CaBa-V1V7tIwaP&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922522418&usg=AOvVaw32X1OS-ioFJiP0No8c6bfs) 23. Artificial Intelligence and Quantum Computing: The Fundamentals | S&P Global, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.spglobal.com/en/research-insights/special-reports/artificial-intelligence-and-quantum-computing-the-fundamentals](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.spglobal.com/en/research-insights/special-reports/artificial-intelligence-and-quantum-computing-the-fundamentals%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922473198%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw0BRiIPlYGAKhZIbYyf8Lc_&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922522494&usg=AOvVaw2UcjJnO-1wpweyrzuq2EF4) 24. Quantum computing: What leaders need to know now | MIT Sloan, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/quantum-computing-what-leaders-need-to-know-now](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/quantum-computing-what-leaders-need-to-know-now%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922473577%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw3_QT3x0I1kUaiGTVkt0iPS&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922522562&usg=AOvVaw1T2GsDjJbi23ZBGfNmCPpI) 25. A Quantum Probability Approach to Improving Human–AI Decision Making - MDPI, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/2/152](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27/2/152%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922474007%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw2x1wQ0R-oNQKNdQWhE5-eY&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922522625&usg=AOvVaw3LxxR0nIvtbqkUlQpk3uZB) 26. AI can predict study results better than human experts, researchers find | ScienceDaily, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/11/241127140027.htm](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/11/241127140027.htm%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922474468%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw2MCVbCGmYi5NmwaCdMGmpO&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922522686&usg=AOvVaw2-h3Dg3hI13FTZxIO2_fOi) 27. AI models beat human experts in forecasting neuroscience study results - News-Medical, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20241127/AI-models-beat-human-experts-in-forecasting-neuroscience-study-results.aspx](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.news-medical.net/news/20241127/AI-models-beat-human-experts-in-forecasting-neuroscience-study-results.aspx%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922475049%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw0qyuB95v9WJCx-ZcaYlPZ0&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922522751&usg=AOvVaw0dkyEgKjxczRVhz0bhlqyn) 28. EAIRA: Establishing a Methodology for Evaluating AI Models as Scientific Research Assistants PREPRINT σCorresponding Authors - arXiv, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://arxiv.org/html/2502.20309v1](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://arxiv.org/html/2502.20309v1%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922475513%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw2zTeuuh9HdBMVSLAz9jtDR&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922522823&usg=AOvVaw2ClGZa0RQcJ4LnFlxrWSfQ) 29. Nature Research Intelligence | Not Even Wrong - Columbia Math Department, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p=14355](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p%253D14355%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922476145%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw1rWjk6dvC7u7F1Ay02x238&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922522894&usg=AOvVaw00_w-uPZokyngfZMalOEdH) 30. Quantum-sapiens: The quantum bases for human expertise, knowledge, and problem-solving - EconStor, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/225560/1/2020-18.pdf](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/225560/1/2020-18.pdf%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922476756%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw0nHCgidq5dHSFDP_CmcfWx&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922522966&usg=AOvVaw2pp4fr4B3M6BsfzItPO2_B) 31. Skepticism Abounds For Artificial Intelligence In High-Level Decisions - Forbes, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/joemckendrick/2021/10/18/skepticism-abounds-for-artificial-intelligence-in-high-level-decisions/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.forbes.com/sites/joemckendrick/2021/10/18/skepticism-abounds-for-artificial-intelligence-in-high-level-decisions/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922477257%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw1fd5A7qu66M8f0d0XnvOfT&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922523033&usg=AOvVaw2q3JMkU_-FnLLrIjYbAiwq) 32. Is Consulting Being Disrupted? Navigating New Paradigms, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://consultingquest.com/podcasts_smcs/is-consulting-being-disrupted/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://consultingquest.com/podcasts_smcs/is-consulting-being-disrupted/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922477653%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw3GQ4mHai6N60dy-z3MgNEI&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922523099&usg=AOvVaw1kNd-8nJi1XOQXDoM_BQdP) 33. Revealing the source: How awareness alters perceptions of AI and human-generated mental health responses, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11090870/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11090870/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922478112%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw0efb-pgBpaO82WPR-dVmv-&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922523167&usg=AOvVaw1UalSbaRHAoXWgt9Pf0U7l) 34. The Effects of Assumed AI vs. Human Authorship on the Perception of a GPT-Generated Text - MDPI, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5172/5/3/69?utm_campaign=releaseissue_journalmediautm_medium=emailutm_source=releaseissueutm_term=titlelink16](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.mdpi.com/2673-5172/5/3/69?utm_campaign%253Dreleaseissue_journalmediautm_medium%25253Demailutm_source%25253Dreleaseissueutm_term%25253Dtitlelink16%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922478758%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw2IrsyxeqofWSU4L2KbrZKK&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922523233&usg=AOvVaw2zL_9bDPx4XmdX5Hnaus2J) 35. Trust in Artificial Intelligence versus Humans in the Context of User Interface Design Improvement Recommendations - ResearchGate, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387099204_Trust_in_Artificial_Intelligence_versus_Humans_in_the_Context_of_User_Interface_Design_Improvement_Recommendations](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/387099204_Trust_in_Artificial_Intelligence_versus_Humans_in_the_Context_of_User_Interface_Design_Improvement_Recommendations%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922479625%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw2BxSBEBUNzO8g4Lf0zu-KW&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922523309&usg=AOvVaw3C2FDvgvVgRQtef6gDxq8G) 36. Study finds readers trust news less when AI is involved, even when they don’t understand to what extent, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://news.ku.edu/news/article/study-finds-readers-trust-news-less-when-ai-is-involved-even-when-they-dont-understand-to-what-extent](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://news.ku.edu/news/article/study-finds-readers-trust-news-less-when-ai-is-involved-even-when-they-dont-understand-to-what-extent%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922480346%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw3egYb2TNunDVMZyu9jfQXd&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922523389&usg=AOvVaw3i2vzQUNUbdwRgmkzyxNVj) 37. Who Trusts AI? New Study Highlights Demographic Trends - Search Engine Journal, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.searchenginejournal.com/public-trust-in-ai-surpasses-social-media-rutgers-study-finds/539522/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.searchenginejournal.com/public-trust-in-ai-surpasses-social-media-rutgers-study-finds/539522/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922480955%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw2FOnovOwcIOq-V6Hw8Uu89&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922523472&usg=AOvVaw1T2-Rzr1RfXR2nfeCanN72) 38. Trust toward humans and trust toward artificial intelligence are not associated: Initial insights from self-report and neurostructural brain imaging, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10725778/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10725778/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922481608%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw1YUSzUCYu1JMtwGIgh30i5&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922523543&usg=AOvVaw0_-zF1zr1892UtyLi3d_Yd) 39. Users trust AI as much as humans for flagging problematic content | Penn State University, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.psu.edu/news/institute-computational-and-data-sciences/story/users-trust-ai-much-humans-flagging-problematic](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.psu.edu/news/institute-computational-and-data-sciences/story/users-trust-ai-much-humans-flagging-problematic%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922482200%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw3aRTA1J4juEidoggwPUqLR&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922523607&usg=AOvVaw2733VApSqu38bWh6hcyQvj) 40. Generative AI Reliability and Validity - AI Tools and Resources..., accessed April 6, 2025, [https://guides.lib.usf.edu/c.php?g=1315087&p=9678779](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://guides.lib.usf.edu/c.php?g%253D1315087%2526p%253D9678779%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922482647%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw3KYEZXLTZH2CMFT7YYgzhC&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922523693&usg=AOvVaw1agqZhrDJfwXkZB_XDgSUl) 41. NEW research on customer perception of AI in marketing | Click Consult, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.click.co.uk/insights/new-research-on-customer-perception-of-ai-in-marketing/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.click.co.uk/insights/new-research-on-customer-perception-of-ai-in-marketing/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922483230%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw37uWvbrfNGeyGLs3jL6koR&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922523823&usg=AOvVaw1h8yfY0GJzOGsgxApG2J0U) 42. Survey Highlights an Emerging Divide Over Artificial Intelligence in the U.S., accessed April 6, 2025, [https://comminfo.rutgers.edu/news/survey-highlights-emerging-divide-over-artificial-intelligence-us](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://comminfo.rutgers.edu/news/survey-highlights-emerging-divide-over-artificial-intelligence-us%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922483902%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw0Au67z56JPik4ZvMq2awWT&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922523908&usg=AOvVaw0z03OFRdorZhfsNrOm-Lg1) 43. (PDF) AI’S IMPACT ON PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND TRUST IN DIGITAL CONTENT, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387089520_AI'S_IMPACT_ON_PUBLIC_PERCEPTION_AND_TRUST_IN_DIGITAL_CONTENT](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/387089520_AI%26%2339;S_IMPACT_ON_PUBLIC_PERCEPTION_AND_TRUST_IN_DIGITAL_CONTENT%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922484367%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw27VPpMUnURO4iGZZV3Rphl&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922524032&usg=AOvVaw3zOmZ5nlNT0oE1-gGpoZz3) 44. accessed January 1, 1970, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374336338_Trust_in_AI-Generated_Content_The_Role_of_Transparency_and_Source_Attribution](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/374336338_Trust_in_AI-Generated_Content_The_Role_of_Transparency_and_Source_Attribution%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922484824%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw0AV0GlviElfrqx7R511_xR&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922524201&usg=AOvVaw1z8N6u1fP4i9CVkvLZo_TX) 45. Appeal to Authority Fallacy | Definition & Examples - Scribbr, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.scribbr.com/fallacies/appeal-to-authority-fallacy/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.scribbr.com/fallacies/appeal-to-authority-fallacy/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922485201%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw2PsxeBdbHtKP-s2x4Y-4eb&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922524318&usg=AOvVaw0b3T1Qz7vrUIIJp_h7EBTQ) 46. is an appeal to authority inherently a fallacy?, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/cgi-bin/uy/qa.cgi?ns_questions+bB7flEan](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.logicallyfallacious.com/cgi-bin/uy/qa.cgi?ns_questions%252BbB7flEan%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922485737%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw16XGgFPcNIG8VJQ1XHNcvD&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922524423&usg=AOvVaw0lmro-2iwGyMQEjhM3OKOk) 47. www.techtarget.com, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/expert-system#:~:text=An%20expert%20system%20is%20a,%2C%20not%20replace%2C%20human%20experts.](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/expert-system%2523:~:text%253DAn%252520expert%252520system%252520is%252520a,%25252C%252520not%252520replace%25252C%252520human%252520experts.%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922486288%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw1yjkefRDtWwVgy1ByoQSQ8&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922524530&usg=AOvVaw17wLhKHFkJYUycCWxGiAx6) 48. Expert system - Wikipedia, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922486680%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw00_9z9a-PFA56b9sHd7EuO&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922524634&usg=AOvVaw2MjHGZWzRBX9Zrm2K-DCdt) 49. Perceived ‘burden’ of AI greatest threat to uptake in healthcare, study shows - News and events, University of York, accessed April 6, 2025, [https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2025/research/burden-ai-healthcare-white-paper/](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2025/research/burden-ai-healthcare-white-paper/%26amp;sa%3DD%26amp;source%3Deditors%26amp;ust%3D1743929922487212%26amp;usg%3DAOvVaw2PW52crV0v_uuN8fTMkJOI&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1743929922524737&usg=AOvVaw11AnJtYaUZy-0DggEoMV1K)