- **No Preferred Time Foliation:** In a general spacetime, there is no unique way to slice the 4D manifold into a sequence of 3D "nows." Time coordinates are local labels without intrinsic global meaning, reflecting the general covariance of the theory. What constitutes "time" depends on the choice of coordinate system or observer family. - The Past Hypothesis (PH): The standard resolution is to supplement the statistical explanation with a crucial cosmological assumption: The universe began in a state of extraordinarily low entropy. This initial condition breaks the time symmetry. Given this specific starting point, the statistical tendency towards higher entropy explains the observed thermodynamic arrow.